Sequences & Series
Sum Formulas
Gauss Method

Finite Arithmetic Series

Master the art of summing arithmetic sequences using powerful formulas and clever techniques

Key Takeaways
Two equivalent formulas: $S_n = \frac{n}{2}(a + l)$ when you know the last term, or $S_n = \frac{n}{2}[2a + (n-1)d]$ when you know the common difference
Gauss's method: Pairing first and last terms reveals why the formula works
Real-world applications: Total costs, seating arrangements, and cumulative growth

The Power of Summation

You've learned about arithmetic sequences—now it's time to add them up! A finite arithmetic series is the sum of the terms in an arithmetic sequence.

For example, if you have the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, the corresponding series is:

$$2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 = 40$$

But what if you need to add 100 terms? Or 1,000? Adding them one by one would take forever. That's where sum formulas become indispensable.

Notation
We use $S_n$ to denote the sum of the first $n$ terms of a series. For instance, $S_5 = 40$ in the example above.

Gauss's Clever Discovery

Legend has it that young Carl Friedrich Gauss amazed his teacher by quickly summing 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100. His method? Write the sum twice—once ascending, once descending—and add corresponding pairs.

Gauss's Pairing Method
Discover the clever trick that led to the arithmetic series formula
Sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10
Ascending:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Descending:
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

This pairing trick works for any arithmetic sequence because the common difference ensures each pair has the same sum.

The Sum Formulas

From Gauss's method, we derive two equivalent formulas for the sum of a finite arithmetic series:

Formula 1: Last Term Known
$$S_n = \frac{n}{2}(a + l)$$
where $a$ = first term
$l$ = last term
$n$ = number of terms
Formula 2: Common Difference Known
$$S_n = \frac{n}{2}[2a + (n-1)d]$$
where $a$ = first term
$d$ = common difference
$n$ = number of terms
Which formula should I use?
Use Formula 1 when you know (or can easily find) the last term. Use Formula 2 when you know the common difference. Both give the same answer!

Interactive Sum Explorer

Experiment with different sequences and see both formulas in action. Notice how they always produce the same result!

Sum Formula Explorer
Test both sum formulas and see they give the same result
Sequence:
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
Last term: $l = 29$
Formula 1: When last term is known
$$S_n = \frac{n}{2}(a + l)$$
$S_{10} = \frac{10}{2}(2 + 29)$
$= \frac{10}{2}(31)$
$= 5 \times 31$
= 155.00
Formula 2: When common difference is known
$$S_n = \frac{n}{2}[2a + (n-1)d]$$
$S_{10} = \frac{10}{2}[2(2) + (10-1)(3)]$
$= \frac{10}{2}[4 + 27]$
$= \frac{10}{2}[31]$
= 155.00
Actual Sum (adding all terms)
155
Both formulas work!
Use Formula 1 when you know the last term. Use Formula 2 when you know the common difference.

Partial Sums Visualizer

Watch how the sum accumulates as you add more terms. Each new term builds on the previous total.

Partial Sums Visualizer
Watch how the sum grows as you add more terms
$S_{1}$= 3
Added term 1: 3
$S_{2}$= 8
Added term 2: 5
$S_{3}$= 15
Added term 3: 7
$S_{4}$= 24
Added term 4: 9
$S_{5}$= 35
Added term 5: 11
$S_{6}$= 48
Added term 6: 13
$S_{7}$= 63
Added term 7: 15
$S_{8}$= 80
Added term 8: 17
$S_{9}$= 99
Added term 9: 19
$S_{10}$= 120
Added term 10: 21
$S_{11}$= 143
Added term 11: 23
$S_{12}$= 168
Added term 12: 25
$S_{13}$= 195
Added term 13: 27
$S_{14}$= 224
Added term 14: 29
$S_{15}$= 255
Added term 15: 31
Pattern Observation:
The partial sums grow according to a quadratic pattern because we're repeatedly adding terms from a linear sequence.

Practice Questions

Test your understanding with these practice problems, organized by difficulty level.

Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

Self-Check Quiz

Question 1
What is the sum of the first 50 positive integers: $1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50$?
Question 2
An arithmetic series has $a = 7$, $d = 4$, and $n = 15$. What is $S_{15}$?
Question 3
If the sum of an arithmetic series is 180, the first term is 3, and there are 12 terms, what is the last term?
Question 4
The sum of the first 20 terms of an arithmetic series is 400. What is the average of these 20 terms?
Question 5
Which statement is TRUE about Gauss's pairing method?
What's Next?

Now that you've mastered finite arithmetic series, you're ready to explore geometric series, where terms are multiplied by a constant ratio instead of adding a constant difference!