Grade 12
Sequences & Series

Geometric Sequences

Learn how constant ratios create exponential patterns, model compound growth and decay, and unlock powerful tools for analyzing repeated percentage changes.

Key takeaways
  • Geometric sequences multiply by the same ratio each step, so their graphs bend instead of forming a straight line.
  • The formula $a_n = a_1 r^{n-1}$ shows that \(n-1\) counts how many times the ratio has been applied.
  • Sum formulas $S_n = a_1 rac{r^n - 1}{r - 1}$ unlock compound interest, viral growth, and decay scenarios.

Our interactive approach pairs numerical tables with ratio reasoning, adding financial contexts and letting learners explore the ratio themselves through interactive controls.

Spotting the Constant Ratio

Divide consecutive terms, look at the curve, and decide if you are modelling growth or decay. Our interactive explorer adds immediate visual cues to help you spot patterns.

Ratio Pattern Explorer
Slide the ratio to see how geometric sequences bend upward or flatten toward zero.

Formula

a_n = 2.00 · 1.50n-1

Highlighted Term

a4 = 6.75

Behavior

Growth

What to notice

  • • Values bend upward when $$r > 1$$ and fall toward zero when $$0 < r < 1$$.
  • • The distance between consecutive terms is not constant—the factor is.
  • • Negative first terms carry the same ratio rule but flip above/below the axis together.

Visual Growth Explorer

The Grade 12 book emphasises how repeated multiplication stacks factors. The Multiplier Lab below shows how the \(n-1\) exponent tracks those stacked multipliers in real time.

nth-Term Multiplier Lab
Connect the exponent in $a_n = a_1 r^{n-1}$ to actual values and running totals.

a1 = 4

r = 1.25

n = 6

nth term

a6 = 12.21

Computed with $a_n = a_1 r^{n-1}$

Partial sum

S6 = 45.04

Geometric series formula

TermValueMultiplier explanation
a14.00Starting value
a25.001.25^{1}
a36.251.25^{2}
a47.811.25^{3}
a59.771.25^{4}
a612.211.25^{5}

Understanding the pattern

Every geometric term is the previous term multiplied by the constant ratio. The sliders above help you see how the exponent \(n-1\) literally counts how many multipliers were applied.

Link to Series Formulas

Knowing the nth term lets you sum geometric series quickly. Slide the controls and narrate why the series formula changes when $$r = 1$$ versus $$r \ne 1$$.

$S_n = a_1 rac{r^n - 1}{r - 1}$ is derived by multiplying the series by \(r\), subtracting, and factoring. The interactive table shows those aligned rows.

Compound Growth Planner

Whether you are looking at compound interest or successively shrinking medication doses, the same multiplicative model applies. Adjust the sliders to test "what if" questions before you commit to a plan.

Compound Growth Planner
Model video views, investment balances, or bacteria cultures that grow by the same percentage each period.

Start = 1200

Change = 8% → r = 1.080

Periods = 10

Focus = period 5

Focus period amount

1633

Total accumulated

17384

Series formula

Sn = a1 $\frac{r^n - 1}{r - 1}$

PeriodAmountMultiplier
11200starting value
212961.080^{1}
314001.080^{2}
415121.080^{3}
516331.080^{4}
617631.080^{5}
719041.080^{6}
820571.080^{7}
922211.080^{8}
1023991.080^{9}

Real-world insight

In compound growth scenarios, the amount added each period is not constant, but the percentage is. Small ratio errors snowball over time, so visualizing them helps you reason about sustainable plans.

Practice Questions

Printable Practice Set
Tackle extension problems with full explanations and dual PDF exports (blank + memo) on the dedicated practice page.
View Practice Page

Use the tabs to progress from ratio basics to reasoning with sums and logarithms.

Question 1
Question 2

Quick Self-Check Quiz

Can you identify ratios, compute terms, and reason with sums without a worked example next to you?

1Question 1
If $$a_1 = 6$$ and $$r = -2$$, what is $$a_4$$?
2Question 2
Which statement is true for every geometric sequence?
3Question 3
Given $$a_1 = 10$$ and $$r = 1.1$$, which expression equals $$S_5$$?